Energy Storage System Technology Research Articles

Обзор методов контроля и диагностики систем накопления электрической энергии

Goal: review of the current situation and perspective directions for the development of technology for testing electrical energy storage systems based on lithium-ion batteries. Methods: using literature analysis, a review and systematization of the history of lithium-ion battery system monitoring technology development was conducted and the advantages and disadvantages of the most common state of charge (SOC) methods were compared. Results: lithium-ion battery systems represent an inevitable trend in the future of electrochemical energy storage. To increase their stability and economic efficiency, it is necessary that diagnostic systems allow the internal parameters of the battery to be determined with sufficient accuracy and the types of faults to be quickly determined. In the future, research in this area will continue to improve the accuracy of data acquisition systems and create accurate digital battery models. Practical significance: a review and systematization of the history of development of technology for monitoring the condition of lithium-ion battery systems was carried out in order to identify current problems and promising directions for future research in this area.

The Principles of Controlled DC-Reactor Fault Current Limiter for Battery Energy Storage Protection

The significance of battery energy storage systems (BESS) technology has been growing rapidly, mostly due to the need for microgrid applications and the integration of renewables. Relevant to the importance of utilization of BESS in microgrids, the protection of the BESS during microgrid faults has become a concern too. The short-circuit in a microgrid cause over-current for all of the integrated sources. BESS, as one of the sources in the microgrid, is heavily influenced by fault occurrence. The overcurrent can easily damage power electronic converter switches, battery management systems (BMS), and damage battery banks. Fault current limiters (FCLs) are appropriate protection devices that have been massively studied. This paper proposes a controllable reactor fault current limiter (CRFCL) to protect the BESS against fault currents. The proposed CRFCL can control the fault current value supplied by BESS during a fault condition as a current regulator. It is realized by means of the operation of solid-state switches and series DC reactor behavior. The main achievement of CRFCL is the protection of BESS against fault currents without delay. The simulations of the proposed structure are carried out in a MATLAB/SIMULINK platform, and they are confirmed and validated by experimental test results.

A Review of Uncertainties in Power Systems—Modeling, Impact, and Mitigation

A comprehensive review of uncertainties in power systems, covering modeling, impact, and mitigation, is essential to understand and manage the challenges faced by the electric grid. Uncertainties in power systems can arise from various sources and can have significant implications for grid reliability, stability, and economic efficiency. Australia, susceptible to extreme weather such as wildfires and heavy rainfall, faces vulnerabilities in its power network assets. The decentralized distribution of population centers poses economic challenges in supplying power to remote areas, which is a crucial consideration for the emerging technologies emphasized in this paper. In addition, the evolution of modern power grids, facilitated by deploying the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), has also brought new challenges to the system due to the risk of cyber-attacks via communication links. However, the existing literature lacks a comprehensive review and analysis of uncertainties in modern power systems, encompassing uncertainties related to weather events, cyber-attacks, and asset management, as well as the advantages and limitations of various mitigation approaches. To fill this void, this review covers a broad spectrum of uncertainties considering their impacts on the power system and explores conventional robust control as well as modern probabilistic and data-driven approaches for modeling and correlating the uncertainty events to the state of the grid for optimal decision making. This article also investigates the development of robust and scenario-based operations, control technologies for microgrids (MGs) and energy storage systems (ESSs), and demand-side frequency control ancillary service (D-FCAS) and reserve provision for frequency regulation to ensure a design of uncertainty-tolerance power system. This review delves into the trade-offs linked with the implementation of mitigation strategies, such as reliability, computational speed, and economic efficiency. It also explores how these strategies may influence the planning and operation of future power grids.

Applications of Tungsten Pseudo-Alloys in the Energy Sector

New energy generation methods are currently being discussed with a view towards the transition from traditional primary sources to more environmentally friendly options, particularly renewables. Energy storage is also closely related to this transition. Battery storage currently dominates this area. However, flywheel energy storage system technology offers an alternative that transforms stored kinetic energy into mechanical and electrical energy using a motor generator. The flywheel energy storage system technology is thus flexible and can be applied in different industrial applications. The management of the technology of recycling tungsten multi-metallic composites (W-MMC) waste material from other products and the subsequent trial production of high-strength W-MMC material with a density of more than 17,500 kg/m3 from recycled powders allowed us to test the limits of the so-called “heavy” flywheels used in rotor production. The results achieved lead to the conclusion that the developed recycled materials of the W-MMC type with a density ≥17,500 kg/m3, with a yield strength of 1200–1700 MPa depending on the production method, can be used as a substitute for the structural steels used today without an enforced reduction in the maximum allowed rotor speed due to exceeding the maximum allowed stress.

The effect of insulation on boil-off gas in liquid air storage tank

Increasing renewable energy is posing a challenge to the stability of electricity grid, and the importance of an energy storage system (ESS) is becoming clearer. A Liquid Air Energy Storage System (LAES) is proposed as one of the promising ESS technologies. LAES converts electricity to liquid air efficiently and economically. However, since the storage temperature of liquid air is −196 °C, loss of liquid air is inevitable due to evaporation, i.e., boil-off gas (BOG). A loss of liquid air has negative effect on the round-trip efficiency of LAES; therefore, the BOG rate must be minimized. In this research, the insulation performance of liquid air tank is evaluated. To calculate the heat ingress and BOG rate, a partial equilibrium model is developed. The insulation performance is evaluated with varying insulation thickness, emissivity, aspect ratio and materials. The results show that the BOG rate of vacuum insulation can reach 1.8 %/day. For foam glass insulation, the BOG rate can become 2.25 %/day. With optimal geometry, 0.7 %/day for vacuum insulation and 1 %/day for foam glass insulation can be achieved. The vacuum insulation generally shows better insulation performance, however, there is area where the foam glass insulation shows better performance depending on the insulation thickness and emissivity.

Oxygen vacancy chemistry in oxide cathodes.

Secondary batteries are a core technology for clean energy storage and conversion systems, to reduce environmental pollution and alleviate the energy crisis. Oxide cathodes play a vital role in revolutionizing battery technology due to their high capacity and voltage for oxide-based batteries. However, oxygen vacancies (OVs) are an essential type of defect that exist predominantly in both the bulk and surface regions of transition metal (TM) oxide batteries, and have a crucial impact on battery performance. This paper reviews previous studies from the past few decades that have investigated the intrinsic and anionic redox-mediated OVs in the field of secondary batteries. We focus on discussing the formation and evolution of these OVs from both thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives, as well as their impact on the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of oxide cathodes. Finally, we offer insights into the utilization of OVs to enhance the energy density and lifespan of batteries. We expect that this review will advance our understanding of the role of OVs and subsequently boost the development of high-performance electrode materials for next-generation energy storage devices.

Artificial intelligence-powered energy community management for developing renewable energy systems in smart homes

The increase in demand due to scientific innovation and economic expansion raises challenges linked to environmental impact and sustainable market development. This study analyzes the role played by Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trading in system operation. Several case studies with four distinct prosumer models, each fitted with diverse Energy Storage Systems (ESS), photovoltaic (PV) systems, and responsive demand technologies such as Electric Vehicles (EV), are examined. An economic analysis is conducted using the developed interface. An energy management system establishes a dynamic market framework, enabling energy trading via P2P market operators and distribution system operators. The implemented trading platform is chosen depending on pricing variations across different time intervals for home models. The P2P energy trading system employs mathematical modeling via deep learning to achieve an optimal solution that minimizes costs. The study uses other domestic models and optimization techniques to explore the amount of energy traded across households and timeframes. Additionally, it investigates the accomplishment of two-way energy transfer in electric cars, the importance of energy storage and photovoltaic systems, and various housing scenarios concerning peer-to-peer energy trading. Additionally, the system's advantages are demonstrated to participants beforehand by validating and presenting data through an input and output system that accepts these instances.

Recent advances of silicon-based solid-state lithium-ion batteries

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) have been widely considered as the most promising technology for next-generation energy storage systems. Among the anode candidates for SSBs, silicon (Si)-based materials have received extensive attention due to their advantages of low potential, high specific capacity and abundant resource. However, Si-based anodes undergo significant volume changes during repeated charging and discharging process, leading to irreversible degradation of electrode/electrolyte interface and rapid capacity fading of SSBs. Therefore, the development of Si-based SSBs is still limited to laboratory level. In this review, we systematically summarized the research advances of Si-based SSBs from the aspects of the design principle of electrodes structure, the selection of solid-state electrolytes and the corresponding interfacial optimization strategies, failure mechanisms of electrochemical performance and advanced interfacial characterization technologies. It is hoped that this review can provide help for the in-depth understanding of the fundamental scientific issues in Si-based SSBs, further promoting the practical applications of Si-based SSBs in the near future.

Na3(VO)2(PO4)2F coated carbon nanotubes: A cathode material with high-specific capacity for aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are one of the candidate technologies for large-scale energy storage systems due to their environmental friendliness, safety and resourcefulness. However, designing and synthesizing high-performance cathode materials with practical application value is currently a great challenge. Herein, we synthesize a carbon-nanotube-coated Na3(VO)2(PO4)2F (Na3(VO)2(PO4)2F@CNT) cathode material for AZIBs, which has a continuous and interconnected ion transport channel structure. A Zn2+/H+ co-intercalation mechanism is revealed by ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterizations. The Na3(VO)2(PO4)2F@CNT cathode material exhibits a high specific capacity of 143 mAh‧g Wan et al. (2019). at 0.2 C in the electrolyte of 3 M Zn(OTf)2 aqueous solution. In addition, Na3(VO)2(PO4)2F@CNT shows a good low-temperature electrochemical performance in the electrolyte of 2 M Zn(OTf)2 deionized water/ethylene glycol (DIW/EG) mixed solution with a different ion storage mechanism. This study provides a new polyanionic cathode material for AZIBs and an idea to modulate the electrolyte polarity to enhance the zinc storage capacity of the cathode material.

Curtailment to cashflow: Exploring BESS and hydrogen for renewable energy profitability

The sporadic nature of renewable energy sources has led to increased energy curtailment. Hence, the necessity to efficiently utilize curtailed renewable energy using Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) and hydrogen technology is paramount. This study explores curtailed renewable energy (wind and solar) utilization through three cases: Case 1 - BESS, Case 2 - alkaline water electrolyzer (AWE) for hydrogen energy, and Case 3 - a hybrid system (BESS and AWE). Hourly data for California in 2020 is used. Dynamic optimization tackles the mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem, aiming to maximize profits across scenarios. Factors include power source (wind, solar, or hybrid), energy storage (BESS, hydrogen, or hybrid), and curtailed power availability (25 % to 100 %). Results show that 100 % solar curtailment availability in Case 2 yields highest profits and rapid payback in California. Cases 1 and 3 underperform due to high BESS capital, replacement, and degradation costs. The study, catering to operators and investors, explores curtailed energy dimensions for profit. Comprehensive cost considerations, encompassing BESS degradation, operational, and variable costs, ensure precise estimates. Sensitivity analysis underscores the crucial role of technology costs, suggesting avenues for expense reduction. The study provides guidance for effective curtailed energy repurposing, considering evolving technology costs.

The effect of electric vehicle charging demand variability on optimal hybrid power systems with second-life lithium-ion or fresh Na–S batteries considering power quality

Second-life batteries (SLB) in energy storage systems (ESS) can provide an economical solution to hybrid power systems (HPS) by reducing environmental concerns in battery production. Could Na–S batteries be a suitable alternative for ESS applications if the toxicity problem can be solved? This article performs the optimal sizing and feasibility analysis of an electric vehicle charging station with a minimum cost objective under daily, hourly, and hybrid demand variability with multi-year sensitivity analyses for both ESS technologies. Moreover, the scope is deepened with sensitivity analyses based on solar horizontal irradiation, wind speed, and electricity selling prices. Due to the HPS connection to the distribution busbar, power quality issues are included in the cost-based optimization framework, and the effects of power quality issues on the sizing and feasibility outputs are compared at higher demand variability. The results show that using SLB at wind speeds lower than 4.7 m/s and irradiances lower than 3 kWh/m2/day or above 0.035 $/kWh electric sale price is not economical. Grid-connected HPSs can increase current and voltage harmonics at the distribution busbar by up to 55.3 % and 4.3 %, reduce the power factor by up to 46.8 %, and extend the payback period by up to 1 year.

Navigating the Cost-Efficiency Frontier: Exploring the viability of Grid-Connected energy storage systems in meeting district load demand

In this investigation, we explored the cost-effectiveness and operational efficiency of grid-connected Energy Storage System (ESS) technologies—specifically, Proton Exchange Membrane-Reversible Fuel Cell (PEM-RFC) and Li-ion Battery (LIB)—with the goal of meeting load demand. Our conclusion reveals that integrating ESS isn't the optimal solution due to impractical implementation costs, making reliance solely on grid electricity a more pragmatic choice. Despite this, a secondary optimum value emerged, suggesting economic viability for ESS integration and introducing a dynamic trade-off between cost considerations and energy storage utilization. Furthermore, our study conducted a sensitivity analysis, anchored in the target costs set by the US Department of Energy, to identify conditions under which ESS systems could transition from impractical to feasible. The results outlined the potential to reduce the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) but also emphasized the prospect of increasing the storage factor by optimizing various system characteristics. Crucial factors like capital cost, efficiency, and lifetime were identified as pivotal in shaping the economic landscape of ESS integration. The study showcased tangible outcomes upon sensitivity analysis, including a 12% reduction in PEM-RFC LCOE and 58.5% reduction in LCOE for LIB, indicating improved cost efficiency and feasibility of ESS integration to the grid. To address a critical research gap, this study provides a novel comparison between PEM-RFC and LIB technologies as ESS, considering dynamic grid electricity prices. It sheds light on intricate dynamics that must be considered in ESS deployment decisions, emphasizing the delicate balance between cost-effectiveness and operational efficiency. Focused on the electricity load demand of commercial buildings in the Santa Barbara district, our techno-economic assessment contributes valuable insights for informed decision-making in ESS integration.

Highly stable side-chain-type cardo poly(aryl ether ketone)s membranes for vanadium flow battery

Vanadium flow batteries (VFBs) have drawn considerable attention as an emerging technology for large-scale energy storage systems (ESSs). One of the pivotal challenges is the availability of eligible ion exchange membranes (ICMs) that provide high ion selectivity, proton conductivity, and stability under rigorous condition. Herein, a ‘side-chain-type’ strategy has been employed to fabricate highly stable phenolphthalein-based cardo poly(arylene ether ketone)s (PAEKs) membrane with low area resistance (0.058 Ω cm2), in which flexible alkyl spacers effectively alleviated inductive withdrawing effect from terminal ion exchange groups thus enabling a stable backbone. The assembled VFBs based on PAEKs bearing pendent alkyl chain terminated with quaternary ammonium (Q-PPhEK) demonstrated an energy efficiency above 80% over 700 cycles at 160 mA/cm2. Such a remarkable results revealed that the side-chain-type strategy contributed to enhancing the ICMs stability in strong oxidizing environment, meanwhile, more interesting backbones would be woken with this design engaging in stable ICMs for VFBs.

Double-layer home energy management strategy for increasing PV self-consumption and cost reduction through appliances scheduling, EV, and storage

Maximizing self-consumption of the photovoltaic (PV) generation is an important factor to increase the penetration of PV in the residential grid. It can improve PV system profitability, save energy and reduce grid stress. This study proposes a double-layer home energy management strategy to increase PV self-consumption and reduce household electricity costs. The first layer involves rescheduling shiftable appliances to operate during surplus PV generation hours, while the second layer employs a multi-objective energy management strategy based on Jaya and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms to optimize power exchange between the energy storage system (ESS) and electric vehicle (EV), with smart home. Six different scenarios are simulated to investigate the role of household appliances, ESS, and EV technology in increasing PV self-consumption. Results scheduling showed that the proposed strategy can increase self-consumption and reduce grid consumption by 17–41% and 27–78%, respectively, depending on the proposed scenarios. The double-layer strategy is found to be more effective than the single-layer approach, with significant economic benefits. The proposed method provides an efficient solution for improving PV system profitability, saving energy, and reducing grid stress. Thus, this study contributes to the development of sustainable energy management systems, paving the way for future research in this area.

A novel Na8Fe5(SO4)9@rGO cathode material with high rate capability and ultra-long lifespan for low-cost sodium-ion batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are regarded as the most promising technology for large-scale energy storage systems. However, the practical application of SIBs is still hindered by the lack of applicable cathode materials. Herein, a novel phase-pure polyanionic Na8Fe5(SO4)9 is designed and employed as a cathode material for SIBs for the first time. The Na8Fe5(SO4)9 has an alluaudite-type sulfate framework and small Na+ ion diffusion barriers. As expected, the as-synthesized Na8Fe5(SO4)9@rGO exhibits a high working potential of 3.8 ​V (versus Na/Na+), a superior reversible capacity of 100.2 mAh g−1 at 0.2 ​C, excellent rate performance (∼80 mAh g−1 at 10 ​C, ∼63 mAh g−1 at 50 ​C), and an ultra-long cycling life (91.9% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles at 10 ​C, 81% capacity retention after 20,000 cycles at 50 ​C). We use various techniques and computational methods to comprehensively investigate the electrochemical reaction mechanisms of Na8Fe5(SO4)9@rGO.

Multi-functional energy storage system for supporting solar PV plants and host power distribution system

Energy storage systems (ESS) will play a critical role in the ongoing development of the future electrical grid, especially as penetration of renewable energy generation increases. Since the costs of ESS are still high, it is imperative to research diverse control modes of ESS so as to use them in an effective manner, thereby offsetting their high costs. ESS technologies can diminish curtailment of renewable generators and provide much needed storage capabilities for supporting the grid, such as providing voltage regulation, relieving congestion, and improving power quality. This study develops six control modes for a battery ESS (BESS), namely, Current Limiting, Power Limiting, Load Leveling, Voltage Regulation, Power Factor Correction, and Simultaneous Real and Reactive Power Supply. The control modes are verified by simulation using a realistic utility 2.8-MW/5.6-MWh BESS and three solar PV plants connected to a power distribution grid. The study results demonstrate that the BESS functions properly in all the control modes. It can be used in all four quadrants of real and reactive power, i.e., it can provide any combination of real and reactive power amount within its rating for supporting the solar PV farms and the grid. The control modes enable effective operation of the BESS, which is a new tool to solve power system critical operational issues, thereby helping ensure the grid resilient, efficient, and reliable operation.

Methodology for energy management strategies design based on predictive control techniques for smart grids

This article focuses on the development of a general energy management system (EMS) design methodology using on model-based predictive control (MPC) for the control and management of microgrids. Different MPC-based EMS for microgrids have been defined in the literature; however, there is a lack of generality in the proposed that would facilitate adapting to new architectures, energy storage system technology, nature of the bus, application, or purpose. To fill this gap, a novel general formulation that is parameterizable, simple, easily interpretable, and reproducible in different microgrid architectures is presented. This is the result of the development of a novel methodology, which is also presented. It considers the state space formulation of the controller from the initial modelling phase, from the dynamics of the energy storage systems represented by their models to the subsequent definition of the optimisation problem. This is developed through the design of the general cost function and the formulation of constrains, by means of general guidelines and reference values. To evaluate the performance of the developed methodology, simulation tests were carried out for four different microgrid architectures, with different applications and objectives, also considering different generation conditions, demand profiles, and initial conditions. The results showed that, with some simple guidelines and regardless of the case study, the developed MPC controller design methodology can address the technical-economic optimisation problem associated with energy management in microgrids in an easy and intuitive way.

A Review of Flywheel Energy Storage System Technologies

The operation of the electricity network has grown more complex due to the increased adoption of renewable energy resources, such as wind and solar power. Using energy storage technology can improve the stability and quality of the power grid. One such technology is flywheel energy storage systems (FESSs). Compared with other energy storage systems, FESSs offer numerous advantages, including a long lifespan, exceptional efficiency, high power density, and minimal environmental impact. This article comprehensively reviews the key components of FESSs, including flywheel rotors, motor types, bearing support technologies, and power electronic converter technologies. It also presents the diverse applications of FESSs in different scenarios. The progress of state-of-the-art research is discussed, emphasizing the use of artificial intelligence methods such as machine learning, digital twins, and data-driven techniques for system simulation, fault prediction, and life-assessment research. The article also addresses the challenges related to current research and the application of FESSs. It concludes by summarizing future directions and trends in FESS research, offering valuable information for further advancement and improvement in this field.

Applications of energy storage systems in power grids with and without renewable energy integration — A comprehensive review

Energy storage system (ESS) is recognized as a fundamental technology for the power system to store electrical energy in several states and convert back the stored energy into electricity when required. Some excellent characteristics such as availability, versatility, flexible performance, fleet response time, modularity etc., make ESS more attractive for power system applications. The ESS has signification contributions and applications to operate the power system optimally in power grids with and without integrating renewable energy (RE) systems. This paper presents a comprehensive review of ESS technologies and their applications in power grids. Five different types of ESS, namely mechanical, chemical, electrical, electro-chemical and thermal, are elaborately explored with their key characteristics and applications. A summary of comparative analysis to find the appropriate ESS for power system applications and an analysis of the practical implementation of different ESS worldwide have been presented briefly, reflecting the suitability of ESS for power system applications. The comparative analysis further demonstrates the nature of various ESS, including their advantages and limitations in specific applications. The major challenges from these analyses are identified to be the capacity of ESS, RE integration, high maintenance and implementation cost of ESS, ESS degradation, waste management and associated environmental pollution. Moreover, the review finds out that there are still numerous challenges in terms of technology and economy that need to be addressed to make the practical applications of ESS viable for power industries. The reviews also identify recent key researches that can effectively address those issues and explore the future directions researchers can undertake to improve various characteristics of ESS. Finally, the transition pathway to promote ESS for power systems applications with and without integration of RE systems is discussed to demonstrate the possibility and potentiality of large-scale ESS deployment for a sustainable climate-friendly future.

Simple and Scalable Synthesis Method of γ-NaTiOPO4 for Sodium Ion Batteries in Aqueous and Non-Aqueous Electrolytes

Lithium-ion batteries have been considered a suitable battery technology for energy storage systems. However, its scarcity and high cost pose challenges to the availability of lithium for mass adoption in large applications such as energy storage. Due to their natural abundance and economic feasibility, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have proven to be a promising alternative for large-scale applications.1 Most anode materials for research on SIBs have focused on carbonaceous materials, oxides and polyanionic compounds of the anode, like that of lithium-ion battery research on anode materials Polyanionic compounds, especially phosphates, are of particular interest due to their structural, thermal properties and, more importantly, for avoiding undesirable sodium plating.2 Contrary to lithium counterparts, SIBs have fewer alternatives for safe anode materials applicable for both non-aqueous and aqueous rechargeable SIBs.3 Various NaTiOPO4 polymorphs have previously been reported, and these materials required a synthesis process that was extremely time-consuming and a highly pressured synthesis atmosphere. However, the methods reported still produced very small amounts of synthesized material.4-8 Due to these limitations, only the β-NaTiOPO4 phase among polymorphs was studied as an anode for SIBs in a non-aqueous electrolyte.7-8 In this study, we first report a simple and scalable solid-state synthesis method for γ-NaTiOPO4, which incorporates a high-temperature quenching process to stabilize metastable γ-NaTiOPO4 with stability. It is a promising anode for SIBs in non-aqueous and aqueous electrolytes, with a capacity of roughly 120mAh/g, voltages of 1.7V and 1.5V vs Na/Na +, and a Coulombic efficiency of up to 99.9% for up to 500 cycles at 0.5C in non-aqueous electrolyte and excellent capacity retention in a full cell of NaMn0.44O2//γ-NaTiOPO4 for up to 175 cycles in aqueous electrolyte.9 El Kharbachi, A.; Zavorotynska, O.; Latroche, M.; Cuevas, F.; Yartys, V.; Fichtner, M., Exploits, advances and challenges benefiting beyond Li-ion battery technologies. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2020, 817.N. Yabuuchi, K. Kubota, M. Dahbi, S. Komaba, Research development on sodium-ion batteries, Chem. Rev. 114 (23) (2014) 11636–11682. H. Kim, J. Hong, K.Y. Park, H. Kim, S.W. Kim, K. Kang, Aqueous rechargeable Li and Na ion batteries, Chem. Rev. 114 (23) (2014) 11788–11827. Stus, N. V.; Slobodyanik, M. S.; Straitiychuk, D. A.; Lisnyak, V. V., Pressure induced gamma ->alpha-NaTiOPO4 phase transition. J Alloy Compd 2005, 393 (1-2), 66-69.Dahaoui, S.; Hansen, N. K.; Protas, J.; Krane, H.-G.; Fischer, K.; Marnier, G., Electric properties of KTiOPO4 and NaTiOPO4 from temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction. Journal of Applied Crystallography 1999, 32 (1), 1-10.Loiacono, G. M.; Loiacono, D. N.; Stolzenberger, R. A., Growth and properties of crystals in the system KTiOPO4-NaTiOPO4. Journal of Crystal Growth 1994, 144 (3), 223-228.Mu, L. Q.; Ben, L. B.; Hu, Y. S.; Li, H.; Chen, L. Q.; Huang, X. J., Novel 1.5 V anode materials, ATiOPO(4) (A = NH4, K, Na), for room -temperature sodium-ion batteries. Journal Jiang, L. W.; Liu, L. L.; Yue, J. M.; Zhang, Q. Q.; Zhou, A. X.; Borodin, O.; Suo, L. M.; Li, H.; Chen, L. Q.; Xu, K.; Hu, Y. S., High-Voltage Aqueous Na-Ion Battery Enabled by Inert-Cation-Assisted Water-in-Salt Electrolyte. Advanced Materials 2020, 32 (2).Kim, D.; Park, H.; Avdeev, M. ; Kim, M. ; Kang, B. (2022). Newly developed γ – NaTiOPO4 by Simple Solid-State Synthesis for Anode Material of Na-ion Batteries in Both Non-aqueous and Aqueous electrolyte. Journal of Power Sources 2022, 541 (1)